How to Calculate Percent Error

Percent error or percentage error expresses as a percentage the difference between an approximate or measured value and an exact or known value. It is used in science to report the difference between a measured or experimental value and a true or exact value. Here is how to calculate percent error, with an example calculation. Key Points: Percent Error The purpose of a percent error calculation is to gauge how close a measured value is to a true value.Percent error (percentage error) is the difference between an experimental and theoretical value, divided by the theoretical value, multiplied by 100 to give a percent.In some fields, percent error is always expressed as a positive number. In others, it is correct to have either a positive or negative value. The sign may be kept to determine whether recorded values consistently fall above or below expected values.Percent error is one type of error calculation. Absolute and relative error are two other common calculations. Percent error is part of a comprehensive error analysis.The keys to reporting percent error correctly are to know whether or not to drop the sign (positive or negative) on the calculation and to report the value using the correct number of significant figures. Percent Error Formula Percent error is the difference between a measured and known value, divided by the known value, multiplied by 100%. For many applications, percent error is expressed as a positive value. The absolute value of the error is divided by an accepted value and given as a percent. |accepted value - experimental value| \ accepted value x 100% For chemistry and other sciences, it is customary to keep a negative value. Whether error is positive or negative is important. For example, you would not expect to have positive percent error comparing actual to theoretical yield in a chemical reaction. If a positive value was calculated, this would give clues as to potential problems with the procedure or unaccounted reactions. When keeping the sign for error, the calculation is the experimental or measured value minus the known or theoretical value, divided by the theoretical value and multiplied by 100%. percent error [experimental value - theoretical value] / theoretical value x 100% Percent Error Calculation Steps Subtract one value from another. The order does not matter if you are dropping the sign, but you subtract the theoretical value from the experimental value if you are keeping negative signs. This value is your error.Divide the error by the exact or ideal value (not your experimental or measured value). This will yield a decimal number.Convert the decimal number into a percentage by multiplying it by 100.Add a percent or % symbol to report your percent error value. Percent Error Example Calculation In a lab, you are given a block of aluminum. You measure the dimensions of the block and its displacement in a container of a known volume of water. You calculate the density of the block of aluminum to be 2.68 g/cm3. You look up the density of a block of aluminum at room temperature and find it to be 2.70 g/cm3. Calculate the percent error of your measurement. Subtract one value from the other:2.68 - 2.70 -0.02Depending on what you need, you may discard any negative sign (take the absolute value): 0.02This is the error.Divide the error by the true value:0.02/2.70 0.0074074Multiply  this value by 100% to obtain the percent error:0.0074074 x 100% 0.74% (expressed using 2 significant figures).Significant figures are important in science. If you report an answer using too many or too few, it may be considered incorrect, even if you set up the problem properly. Percent Error Versus Absolute and Relative Error Percent error is related to absolute error and relative error. The difference between an experimental and known value is the absolute error. When you divide that number by the known value you get relative error. Percent error is relative error multiplied by 100%. Sources Bennett, Jeffrey; Briggs, William (2005),  Using and Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach  (3rd ed.), Boston: Pearson.Tà ¶rnqvist, Leo; Vartia, Pentti; Vartia, Yrjà ¶ (1985), How Should Relative Changes Be Measured?,  The American Statistician,  39  (1): 43–46.

The Distance Between Morality and Luck Essay - 2155 Words

The Distance Between Morality and Luck In the moral realm, I tend to align my intuitions with Kantian morality, forming a very strict interpretation of those actions which carry moral worth. As one who believes that the world is not governed by determinism, I place a great deal of emphasis on moral evaluation. This is why I find Nagel’s Moral Luck article so troubling. Nagel describes a concept which, if accurate, completely undercuts our conception of morality, disabling the ability to apply moral worth to decisions. I find, however, that one can tackle his dilemma and reveal holes in his argument in a manner that would allow us to uphold the concept of morality and moral evaluation in the world. This is my aim. Nagel’s primary†¦show more content†¦Either way, it is an instance of luck in Nagel’s view. Second, he discusses luck in one’s circumstances, or those events which occur outside the control of an agent which place an agent in the position to act or not to act. The last two types of luck, luck in how one is determined by antecedent circumstances, and luck in the result of one’s actions are cause and effect related. Nagel argues that certain causes may change a person’s actions, and that the effect of someone’s actions may be unfairly used to assess a person’s morality. These are Nagel’s four types of moral luck, and his primary building blocks for constructing an argument against Kantian moral assessment. Nagel’s first argument for moral luck regards luck in how one’s actions and projects turn out, so it will be my starting point here. There are two types of luck in action that Nagel discusses, luck in instances with levels of negligence, and luck in decisions made under uncertainty. On the issue of negligence, Nagel discusses the example of two drunk drivers. Both decide to drive while intoxicated, but only one of them has the misfortune to hit a pedestrian (one should rather say it is the pedestrian’s misfortune!). Nagel says that it is a matter of luck, and I would agree, that one drunk driver hits someone and the other does not. Nagel goes on to say that while one driver will be charged with manslaughter, the other will be charged only with reckless driving. Everything that Nagel says is correctShow MoreRelatedNo Country for Old Men1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthat seem to be an instrument of karmic consequence. While on the run, Llewelyn is given the opportun ity to end the madness that has arisen so immediately in his life. But he doesn’t. Instead he braves on, defying his own advice, and persistent on luck, only leaving him a misfortunate ending. To fully recognize the circumstance the novel surrounds itself in the reader must digress into the thoughts of the town’s Sheriff, an old vet just like Llewelyn, named Ed Tom Bell. 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Pre Ap World History Chapter 3 Vocabulary Free Essays

Pre-AP World History Chapter 3 Vocabulary 1. Yellow and Yangtze Rivers-contained many agricultural settlements, were river valleys 2. Gobi Desert-in northwest China, blocking off invaders from the north and northwest 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre Ap World History Chapter 3 Vocabulary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tibetan Plateau-north of the Himilayan Mountains, protected the west from invasion 4. Yangshao and Longshan cultures-identified as the painted and black pottery cultures 5. Xia Dynasty-started around 4000 years ago, leader Yu introduced irrigation and draining 6. Shang Dynasty-afterthe Xia in the 16th century B. C. E. , oracle bones found in Anyang 7. Anyang-capital of the Shang Dynasty, oracle bones were dug up revealing early writing 8. Xinjiang corpses-from 2000 B. C. E. , clearly European, revealing migration eastward 9. oracle bones- turtle shells that had Chinese writing on one side, and scratchs from gods 10. Shang bronzes-utensils,weapons,ritual objects were made from bronze casting 11. well field system-8 families cultivated their own plot and worked together on the 9th plot 12. Zhou Dynasty-2 capital cities for a more extensive bureaucracy, territories w/ govenors 13. silk-found on bronzes and in tombs, used for clothing and wrapping the dead 14. Silk Road-a travel route from China westward, trading mostly silk 15. Mandate of Heaven-the right to rule from the gods, a dynasty can lose and gain M. O. H. 16. Rites of Zhou-one of the oldest surviving documents, stating that Zhou ruled bc of MOH 17. yin and yang-interacting, opposing forces in nature, always should be in balance *18. Yi Jing/Book of Changes- 19. Confucius-the lader of Confucianism, belief in 5 key relationships and filial piety 20. The Analects-written by Confucius’ disciples on the sayings and ideas relating to him 21. Mencius-(370-290 BCE) a philosopher who stressed the humanistic side of Confucianism 22. Legalism-humans were evil by nature, and had to have harsh laws and strict punishments *23. Way of Great Learning- 24. Lao Tzu-founder of Daoism, â€Å"Old Master† 25. Daoism-based on forces in nature, which needed to be balanced (yin and yang) 26. Dao de Jing-primary document which makes original concepts a bit difficult to understand 27. wu wei-to interpret the will of Heaven is not action but INACTION 28. Period of Warring States-the period between 2 dynasties; one losing power, one gaining it 29. Qin Dynasty-(221-206 BCE)legalism, strict censorship,standardized weights;measures 30. Qin Shi Huangdi-first emperor of Qin, rose to throne at age 13 in 246 BCE, Li Su is advisor 31. Xianyang-the capital where aristocratic clans were forced to live, so court could monitor *32. Sima Qian- 33. Xiongnu-northern nomads who posed the threat of invading(possibly related to Huns) 34. Great Wall-a costly project to keep invaders out from the North, slowed but not stopped 35. Han Dynasty-(202 BCE-221 CE)founded by Liu Bang, dictorial gov’t and civil service exams 36. eunuchs- males who had their testicles removed (castrated) 37. Liu Bang-founder of the Han dynasty 38. tate Confucianism-Confucian doctrine combined with Legalist practice 39. civil service exam-tests administered to workers in the bureaucracy to see if they qualify *40. Han Wudi- *41. Wang Mang-reformist official who seized power 42. Chang’an-the capital of the Han Empire in China 43. filial piety-respect for one’s parents and elders in society 44. Bao-jia system-forming a group of families fo r excersizing mutual control and surveillance 45. Xian’s terracotta army- terracotta soldiers to protect the first emperor of Qin’s tomb 46. Book of Songs and Song of the South-a book of about 300 poems written during the early Zhou dynasty How to cite Pre Ap World History Chapter 3 Vocabulary, Papers

Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Elisa s sense free essay sample

Chrysanthemums Essay, Research Paper Elisa s sense of beauty causes her to go defenseless against the pedlar s bewitchery. When the pedlar asks about her chrysanthemums, she describes them as being beautiful, so beautiful. She so progresses into to stating him of how to care for the flowers and does so really excitedly. This happens once more when she starts speaking about how it would be so nice to populate in a covered waggon, passing the darks under sharp-pointed stars. Her enthusiasm toward these things uncovers her true sentiment for them. She exposes herself to the alien and he, in bend, uses the really things that are of import to her as a arm against her. Eliza now becomes incapacitated and can make nil to alter this. The pedlar can now continue into making what he wants, pull stringsing all her actions. The pedlar s fraudulence and use is a disdainful discourtesy toward guiltless people like Elisa. We will write a custom essay sample on Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Elisa s sense or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right from the beginning, the pedlar knew precisely what he wanted from Elisa and would utilize any agencies necessary in order to acquire it. Even if it meant rip offing and lead oning. He mislead her to believe that he was interested in her chrysanthemums ; lying about how he knew a lady that would wish to add them to her garden. In making so, Elisa gave in and the pedlar was able to carry through his mission: mending a family point to have a payment for it. How can anyone crouch to such a low degree to gain a measly 50 cents? He left her feeling used and didn T even have the decency to be honest with the grounds behind his actions. This emotional harm could adversely impact the manner she views others doing her lupus erythematosus trusting. The pedlar intentionally insulted her unity and should, in some manner, be punished for it. Possibly if the tabular arraies were turned and he was the 1 tricked into making something he ab initio didn t privation to make, he would be hurt and to recognize that his actions towar vitamin D Elisa were incorrect. Elisa s exposure to this type of individual engenders a infirmity in her personality. Although at first she seemed cautious about the alien, she rapidly lets her guard down every bit shortly as he remarks on her prized chrysanthemums. These flowers are really of import in her life and play a immense function on her personal wellbeing This critical fact becomes more evident to the pedlar as she passionately describes the planting and nurturing of the flowers, and he skilfully uses it to prefer him in the state of affairs. The chrysanthemums are her pride and joy, but are besides her failing. It becomes wholly excessively easy for the pedlar to work her one time her weak topographic point is revealed. When she becomes deficient in strength to continue her temperament toward the pedlar, she gave manner to similar impairities. Not merely did she let him to detect her failing, but allowed him to utilize it against her and allowed him to ache her emotionally. Event though she tries to reas sure herself by stating she is strong, she knows she had been vulnerable with the pedlar. She is susceptible to being afflicted once more if she doesn t happen a manner to implement herself. She had been a victim one clip to a alien and it could go on once more. The relationship between the pedlar and Elisa is one of victim and attacker and is an unfairness against Elisa. The pedlar sought to occupy her ideas and direct her actions. He had merely talked to her to transport out his occupation, but did so in a dishonorable manner. Elisa on the other manus had no hint what was go oning and allowed the pedlar to victimize her. Both are at mistake, the pedlar for being delusory and Elisa for being na ve. But the truth is it was Elisa that was hurt and the pedlar who got off with it. He wrongfully used her. To the pedlar the chrysanthemums were merely deserving 50 cents, but to Elisa they were invaluable. In the terminal it was the pedlar that won the conflict.